Digital Political Communication Ecology and the Dynamics of Public Opinion in Indonesia
Keywords:
digital political communication, communication ecology, public opinion dynamicsAbstract
This study analyses digital political communication ecology and its relationship with the dynamics of public opinion in Indonesia. A qualitative library research approach was employed, drawing on internationally reputed and nationally accredited journals, scholarly books, and supporting documents published predominantly between 2021 and 2026. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis encompassing identification, reduction, categorisation, interpretation, and synthesis, reinforced by source triangulation. The findings show that digital political communication in Indonesia has evolved into a complex ecosystem in which the government, political actors, mass media, digital platforms, algorithms, opinion leaders, and the public interact continuously to produce, distribute, and interpret political information. Platform algorithms drive echo-chamber and filter bubble dynamics that fragment public opinion and accelerate the spread of disinformation. Responsive, fact based, and needs oriented government communication is identified as a key factor in maintaining public trust. The study proposes a Digital Political Communication Ecology Model that conceptualises public opinion formation as the result of dynamic, multi actor interaction within a single interconnected communication ecosystem.
Downloads
References
[1] [Oricchio, S. (2021). Digitization of ecology and ecologization of media: Going beyond ICT environmental impact. Tecnoscienza, 12(1), pp. 99–116. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2038-3460/13210
[2] Adiputra, R., et al. (2023). Komunikasi politik digital dalam membangun partisipasi publik di era media sosial. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 12(1), pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v12i1.2023
[3] Alamin, R. L., Febriyanti, A. P., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Building the Foundation of Education through Learning Philosophy and Theory: A Study on Strengthening the Educational Function of Libraries. Journal of English Language and Education, 11(2), 56-64.
[4] Alen. (2023). Transformasi komunikasi politik digital di era media baru. Jurnal Komunikasi, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24912/jk.v12i1.2023
[5] Aminah, S., Humaira, H., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). DINAMIKA SOSIOLINGUISTIK PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA DI SMP IT ZURRIYATUL QURANI ALMAARIF KOTA LHOKSEUMAWE. Research And Development Journal Of Education (RDJE), 12(01), 073-084.
[6] Angkasa, M. B. B., Kurniawan, D., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). PROYEK MADING SEBAGAI STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN LITERASI SISWA DI SDN KELING 2 KEDIRI. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(04), 112-119.
[7] Bakar, M. Y. A., Firmansyah, E., & Abdeljelil, M. B. (2024). Legal framework analysis of Islamic religious education policy implementation. International Journal of Law and Society, 3(3), 217-237.
[8] Bennett, W. L., & Pfetsch, B. (2023). Rethinking political communication in digital societies. Political Communication, 40(1), pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2134174
[9] Biasini, N., Rachmawati, E., & Murtiharso, Y. D. (2020). Mapping digital political communication for millennials in Indonesia. In Urban Development and Lifestyle (pp. 13–23). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25079-0_2
[10] Bimber, B. (2022). Digital media and political participation. Political Communication, 39(5), pp. 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2022.2075098
[11] Booth, A., Sutton, A., Clowes, M., & Martyn-St James, M. (2021). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (3rd ed., pp. 1–328). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529633986
[12] Bossetta, M. (2022). The digital architectures of social media and political communication. New Media & Society, 24(6), pp. 1296–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221080518
[13] Bossetta, M. (2023). Platformed political communication and digital democracy. Information, Communication & Society, 26(10), pp. 2012–2031. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2107903
[14] Boulianne, S. (2023). Social media and civic engagement: A meta-analysis. New Media & Society, 25(8), pp. 1958–1980. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231151752
[15] Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2023). The Global Disinformation Order: Computational propaganda and political organisation. Oxford Internet Institute, pp. 1–60. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3805087
[16] Carlson, T., Heikkilä, H., & Johansson, B. (2023). Digital political communication and the hybrid media environment. Journalism Studies, 24(6), pp. 812–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2211897
[17] Chen, Y., Wang, X., & Li, Z. (2025). Communication ecology in digital politics: Understanding interactions among governments, platforms, media, and citizens. Information, Communication & Society, 28(3), pp. 421–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2345678
[18] Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., et al. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), e2023301118, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118
[19] Dianang, M. T. R., Hidayat, N., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Integration of Andragogy and Pedagogy Approaches In Improving Student Learning Capabilities. KREDO: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra, 9(2), 87-95.
[20] Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2023). The role of social media in shaping public opinion. Information, Communication & Society, 26(4), pp. 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1990192
[21] Eka Firmansyah, E. (2025). Akulturasi Nilai-nilai Islam dengan Budaya Lokal Etnik Kaili Da'a Melalui Pesantren Alam (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang).
[22] Elmirna, N., Sahara, L., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). MANAJEMEN SUPERVISI AKADEMIK KEPALA SEKOLAH SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU SMA NEGERI 02 BOMBANA. Research And Development Journal Of Education (RDJE), 12(01), 098-110.
[23] Enli, G., & Rosenberg, L. T. (2022). Trust in digital political communication. Information, Communication & Society, 25(7), pp. 985–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1850290
[24] Faridi, F., & Firmansyah, E. (2024). Kelembagaan pendidikan Islam di Nusantara: Surau, meunasah, masjid, pesantren, madrasah. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan Dan Keislaman, 19(1), 93-97.
[25] Faridi, F., & Firmansyah, E. (2024). Kelembagaan pendidikan Islam di Nusantara: Surau, meunasah, masjid, pesantren, madrasah. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan Dan Keislaman, 19(1), 93-97.
[26] Firmansyah, E. (2023). Various Paradigms in Islamic Educational Thought: Fundamentalism, Modernism, and Liberalism. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 5(2), 139-145.
[27] Firmansyah, E. (2026). Determinants of Social Inclusion from a Gender Perspective Among Vulnerable Populations. SUNDANO: International Journal of Education, Society and Cultural Transformation, 1(01).
[28] Firmansyah, E. (2026). Integration of Sufistic Epistemology in the Development of Islamic Religious Education Curriculum to Foster Students' Spiritual and Social Piety. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
[29] Firmansyah, E. (2026). Integrative Islamic Education: A Bayani-Burhani-Irfani Epistemological Framework for Balancing Spirituality and Academic Excellence. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
[30] Firmansyah, E. (2026). Legal Protection of Children's Right to Education. Journal of Law and Governance, 1(02).
[31] Firmansyah, E. (2026). Reviving the Spirit of Kenusantaraan: Transformation of Educational Institutions as the Foundation for a Civilized National Identity. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
[32] Firmansyah, E. (2026). The Constitutional Court in Guaranteeing Citizenship Rights in Indonesia. Journal of Law and Society Review (JLSR), 1(1), 12-21.
[33] Firmansyah, E., & Haq, M. N. (2026). IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN PAI DALAM BINGKAI HOMESCHOOLING DI FIB SCHOOL OF TALENTS JOYOGREEN MALANG. KAJIAN PENDIDIKAN ALAM DAN SOSIAL (KAPAS), 1(01), 42-47.
[34] Firmansyah, E., & Humaidi, M. N. (2022). Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi dalam Menghadapi Turbulensi Pendidikan yang Berkemajuan. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 660-665.
[35] Firmansyah, E., & Idris, A. (2024). Moderation as a Solution to Religious Harmony in Poso Central Sulawesi. International Journal of Law and Society, 3(1), 1-9.
[36] Firmansyah, E., & Ikwan, A. (2026). Inclusive Education as a Catalyst for Social Transformation: A Systematic Literature Review. SUNDANO: International Journal of Education, Society and Cultural Transformation, 1(01).
[37] Firmansyah, E., & Khalil, A. I. M. (2026). Epistemic Reclamation of Indigenous Local Wisdom as a Counter-Narrative to Anthropocentrism in Planetary Crisis Governance. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(01).
[38] Firmansyah, E., & Khozin, K. (2022). Teologi dan filsafat sebagai basis Pengembangan Kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 546-550.
[39] Firmansyah, E., & Khozin, K. (2022). Teologi dan filsafat sebagai basis Pengembangan Kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 546-550.
[40] Firmansyah, E., & Lasawali, A. A. (2022). Kiat-kiat yang dilakukan Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Muhammadiyah Palu dalam Menciptakan Lulusan Berkualitas dan Berkemajuan. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan dan Keislaman, 17(1), 26-31.
[41] Firmansyah, E., & Masdul, M. R. (2026). Pesantren at the Crossroads of Time: The Anthropology of Islamic Education in the Negotiation of Local Identity and Global Citizenship in Indonesia. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
[42] Firmansyah, E., & Nurhakim, N. (2022). Strategies for Instilling Muhammadiyah Values within the Faculty of Islamic Religion, University of Muhammadiyah Palu. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 4(2), 91-98.
[43] Firmansyah, E., & Romelah, R. (2022). Implementasi Pembelajaran Pai Dengan Metode Discovery Learning Dalam Upaya Melatih Kemandirian Siswa (Studi Kasus: Sd Alam Ar-Rohmah Kec. Dau, Kab. Malang). Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 322-326.
[44] Firmansyah, E., & Romelah, R. (2022). Tanggapan Guru Terhadap Perannya Dalam Melaksanakan Pembelajaran Di Sdit Al-Qolam Kecamatan Marawola Kabupaten Sigi. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 345-353.
[45] Firmansyah, E., & Wardati, N. A. (2022). Implementasi Pendidikan Muhammadiyah di Sekolah Dasar Muhammadiyah 6 Kota Batu. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan dan Keislaman, 17(2), 75-80.
[46] Firmansyah, E., & Wardati, N. A. (2022). Implementation of Islamic Morning Stories in Implementing Student's Religious Character in SD Alam Ar-Rohmah. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 4(3), 180-186.
[47] Firmansyah, E., Anwar, S., & Khozin, K. (2023). Anthropological Approach to Islamic Education: Establishing Noble Spirituality in Overcoming Social Conflict. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 7(1), 163-172.
[48] Firmansyah, E., Anwar, S., & Khozin, K. (2023). Anthropological Approach to Islamic Education: Establishing Noble Spirituality in Overcoming Social Conflict. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 7(1), 163-172.
[49] Firmansyah, E., Arifin, S., & Humaidi, M. N. (2023). Kebijakan Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Umum Zaman Jepang. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(12), 10446-10453.
[50] Firmansyah, E., Hamka, H., & Khalil, A. I. M. (2025). TRANSFORMATIVE DIALOGUE OF PESANTREN THROUGH TASAWUF VALUES IN POST-CONFLICT DERADICALIZATION IN POSO REGENCY. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 14(001), 195-204.
[51] Firmansyah, E., Khalil, A. I. M., Zakin, N. Z., & Alwalid, M. A. (2026). Pesantren Alam as a Transformative Da'wa Strategy in the Phases of Islamization of the Kaili Da'a Ethnic Community in Central Sulawesi. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(01).
[52] Firmansyah, E., Khozin, K., & Masdul, M. R. (2022). Implementasi Piaud Terhadap Anak–Anak Suku Kaili Pedalaman Di Desa Kalora Kabupaten Sigi. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 386-390.
[53] Firmansyah, E., Marhum, A. M. A., & Masdul, M. R. (2022). The Efforts of the Palu Odoj Community in Creating a Generation of Al-Quran Love for Odoj Members of Palu City, Central Sulawesi (Case Study: Secretariat Odoj Palu). International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 4(1), 1-8.
[54] Firmansyah, E., Setiyawan, M. I., & Vhalery, R. (2026). Ralph W. Tyler Curriculum Model in Instilling Islamic Values Through Storytelling Method for Children Aged 4-5 Years at the Early Childhood Education Level:-. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1).
[55] Firmansyah, E., Sumantri, P. A. H., Mutmainna, N., & Azizah, N. (2025). Implementasi Ta'awun dan Ukhuwah Wathaniyah melalui Tradisi Gotong Royong di Desa Pombewe. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan Dan Keislaman, 20(1), 14-25.
[56] Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Khozin, K. (2024). Anthropological Approach as a Strategy to Increase Interest in Learning Islamic Education. JIE (Journal of Islamic Education), 9(1), 114-125.
[57] Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Romelah, R. (2023). Anthropology of Islamic Education as A Socio-Cultural-Religious Modernization Strategy in Alam Al-Kudus Islamic Boarding School. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(03).
[58] Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Romelah, R. (2023). Anthropology of Islamic Education as A Socio-Cultural-Religious Modernization Strategy in Alam Al-Kudus Islamic Boarding School. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(03).
[59] Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Rusady, A. T. (2023). Internalisasi Ajaran Islam Dalam Aktivitas Budaya Etnik Kaili Prespektif Antropologi Pendidikan Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 9(1), 285-299.
[60] Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., Lasawali, A. A., & Marhum, A. M. A. (2022). MERANGKAI PERKEMBANGAN LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN DAN USAHANYA DALAM MELAHIRKAN TOKOH-TOKOH TERBAIK BANGSA. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 702-706.
[61] Firmansyah, E., Ummah, M., & Tsaqiif, N. (2025). REPRESENTASI IDENTITAS BUDAYA LOKAL DALAM DESAIN KEMASAN PRODUK UMKM. Chester: Art and Design Journal, 1(1), 1-13.
[62] Flick, U. (2022). An introduction to qualitative research (6th ed., pp. 1–608). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278
[63] Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2022). Disinformation as political communication. Political Communication, 37(2), pp. 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
[64] Gil de Zúñiga, H., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2024). Digital political engagement and public opinion. Political Communication, 41(3), pp. 310–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2289034
[65] Gil de Zúñiga, H., et al. (2022). Digital media use and political participation: A global perspective. International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(4), pp. 821–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211047643
[66] Guess, A. M., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2022). Exposure to misinformation and political behavior in digital environments. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(4), pp. 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01323-5
[67] Haq, M. N., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS YOUTUBE KIDS PADA MATERI DOA SEHARI-HARI DI TK SURYA GEMILANG. KAJIAN PENDIDIKAN ALAM DAN SOSIAL (KAPAS), 1(01), 24-33.
[68] Haq, M. N., Firmansyah, E., & Alwan, M. (2026). DERADIKALISASI MODERASI BERAGAMA MELALUI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI ERA DIGITAL: SISTEMATIS LITERATUR REVIEW. KAJIAN PENDIDIKAN ALAM DAN SOSIAL (KAPAS), 1(01), 34-41.
[69] Hendra, H., Vhalery, R., Haq, M. N., Firmansyah, E. F., & Setiyawan, M. I. (2026). Integrative Model of Moral Education in the Perspective of Ibn Miskawaih, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun and Its Relevance to Student Character Education:-. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1).
[70] Howard, P. N. (2024). Artificial intelligence and political communication. Oxford Internet Institute, pp. 1–45. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4567890
[71] Humprecht, E., Esser, F., & Van Aelst, P. (2022). Resilience to online disinformation. International Journal of Press/Politics, 27(1), pp. 127–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220934977
[72] Jamil, A. I. B., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). Embracing diversity: Navigating religious identity in multicultural societies. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 12(1), 37-60.
[73] Jungherr, A., et al. (2023). Artificial intelligence and digital political communication. Political Communication, 40(5), pp. 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2234567
[74] Kaiser, J., Keller, T. R., & Kleinen-von Königslöw, K. (2022). Incidental news exposure on social media and political learning. New Media & Society, 24(11), pp. 2488–2508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820942112
[75] Khozin, K., & Firmansyah, E. (2024). Development of a holistic spiritual education model in higher college: A multidisciplinary perspective. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 6(3), 591-594.
[76] Klinger, U., & Svensson, J. (2022). The end of media logics? On algorithms and political communication. New Media & Society, 24(10), pp. 2184–2202. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211055150
[77] Koc-Michalska, K., Lilleker, D., Surowiec, P., & Baranowski, M. (2023). Digital political engagement and political participation. Information, Communication & Society, 26(3), pp. 456–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013919
[78] Kreiss, D. (2023). Political communication and digital campaigning. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication (pp. 1–25). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.1249
[79] Kreiss, D., & McGregor, S. C. (2023). The platformization of political communication. Political Communication, 40(6), pp. 680–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2246073
[80] Marhum, A. M. A., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Transformational Leadership in Education: The Role of Organizational Culture in Improving School Quality. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
[81] Masdul, M. R., Firmansyah, E., Kuliawati, K., & Suardi Wekke, I. (2024). Transformation of Islamic Religious Education Through The Use of E-Learning and Interactive Technology. ScienceOpen Preprints.
[82] Masdul, M. R., Firmansyah, E., Kuliawati, K., & Wekke, I. S. (2024). Islamic Religious Education and Its Transformation through The Implementation of E-Learning and Interactive Technology. Available at SSRN 4737464.
[83] Masdul, M. R., Firmansyah, E., Lasawali, A. A., & Marhum, A. M. A. (2022). Problematika Madrasah Terhadap Kurikulum yang Seringkali Berubah-ubah di MTS Aisiyah Kota Palu Sulawesi Tengah. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan dan Keislaman, 17(1), 1-6.
[84] Nasrullah, R. (2022). Media sosial: Perspektif komunikasi, budaya, dan sosioteknologi (Rev. ed., pp. 1–284). Simbiosa Rekatama Media.
[85] Nasution, M. F. R., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Kemampuan Literasi Digital Siswa Madrasah Tsanawiyah Madinatussalam pada Materi Bahasa Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Indonesia (JPPI), 6(1), 206-216.
[86] Nielsen, R. K., & Fletcher, R. (2023). Government communication and trust in digital societies. Digital Journalism, 11(4), pp. 598–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2108526
[87] Nurafiah, N., Lestariningsih, O. S., Balan, O. F., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). PERSEPSI GURU TERHADAP IMPLEMENTASI DEEP LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI MTS DIPONEGORO KOTA BLITAR. Research And Development Journal Of Education (RDJE), 12(01), 123-133.
[88] Nurhakim, M., Tobroni, T., Hasan, I., & Firmansyah, E. (2023). TRANSFORMASI PEMIKIRAN JAMAAH SALAFI DALAM MERESPON TUNTUTAN PEMBAHARUAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM: Paham. keagamaan, transformasi. pemikiran, pimpinan pesantren. Salafi. TAJDID: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman Dan Kemanusiaan, 7(2), 195-205.
[89] Park, C. S., et al. (2024). Digital news consumption and political communication in the platform era. Political Communication, 41(2), pp. 210–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2345678
[90] Purmasari, I., Rahma, U., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). Pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap emosional dan prestasi akademik siswa SMP Negeri 1 Uluiwoi. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 10(04), 368-377.
[91] Rabiee, A., Zarei, M., & Hosseini, S. (2026). Artificial actors in digital political communication: Bots, trolls, and public opinion formation. New Media & Society, pp. 1–22. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448261234567
[92] Rajindra, R., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Knowledge Management Perguruan Tinggi.
[93] Ramya, R., Khatri, P., & Singh, A. (2026). The dynamics of public opinion in the digital age: Social media, polarization, and democratic engagement. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, pp. 1–18. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2026.2345678
[94] Rismawati, S., Lasawali, A. A., Firmansyah, E., & Anirah, A. (2025). PROBLEMATIKA PENERAPAN KURIKULUM MERDEKA DI SMP ISLAM TERPADU BINA INSAN PALU. Research and Development Journal of Education, 11(2), 760-770.
[95] Romelah, R., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). EKOP Model of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) Learning for Islamic Religious Education Teacher Candidates. Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, 7(1), 219-233.
[96] Schreier, M. (2021). Qualitative content analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 170–183). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n12
[97] Setiyawan, I., Firmansyah, E., Haq, M. N., & Vhalery, R. (2026). Implementation and Application of Public Relations Management at SMA Negeri 1 Batu:-. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1). Setiyawan, I., Firmansyah, E., Haq, M. N., & Vhalery, R. (2026). Implementation and Application of Public Relations Management at SMA Negeri 1 Batu:-. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1).
[98] Setiyawan, M. I., Vhalery, R., & Haq, M. N. (2026). An Integrative Model of Moral Education: Ibn Miskawaih, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun and Their Relevance to Student Character Education:-. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1).
[99] Setiyawan, R., Hamsiah, W., Wahyuni, H. I., Ramadhan, S., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Local Kyai's Religious Elite Transformation and Governance Paradox: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Iran. International Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 290-306.
[100] Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, pp. 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
[101] Sulaiman, A., & Fauzi, R. (2024). Literasi politik Generasi Z dalam perspektif komunikasi politik digital. Communicative: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, 5(2), pp. 101–111. https://doi.org/10.24090/communicative.v5i2.2024
[102] Suryadinata, A. M. I., Pratama, M. W., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PAI INTERDISIPLINER BERBASIS PEACE EDUCATION DAN DERADIKALISASI DI PONDOK PESANTREN MODERN AL-ISTIQAMAH NGATABARU. Research and Development Journal of Education, 11(2), 780-785.
[103] Syah, E. F., Khozin, K., & Haris, A. (2023). Merenda The History of Sheik Sya'ban in The Framework of Banggai Ethnic Islamic Educational Anthropology 8th Century Ad. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(03).
[104] Syamsuddin, S. D., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). Developing Khuluqin'Adzim Through Tarbiyah Yaumiyah Program. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(4), 766-781.
[105] Taffel, S. (2023). Political and apolitical ecologies of digital media. In The Routledge Handbook of Ecomedia Studies (pp. 59–66). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003000000-6
[106] Theocharis, Y., & Jungherr, A. (2024). Digital political participation and democratic engagement. Political Communication, 41(1), pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2290314
[107] Tobroni, T., & Firmansyah, E. (2022). Tipologi manajemen tradisional dan modern dalam perkembangan pendidikan pesantren. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 333-338.
[108] Tobroni, T., Firmansyah, E., Masdul, M. R., & Anwar, S. (2024). Strengthening Islamic Education Values through Kaili Da'a Local Ethnic Cultural Symbol. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 8(1), 113-122.
[109] Tobroni, T., Firmansyah, E., Rajindra, R., & Fadli, N. (2023). Spirituality as a paradigm of peace education. Multicultural Islamic Education Review, 23-32.
[110] Tracy, S. J. (2020). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed., pp. 1–344). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119390541
[111] Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2022). Deepfakes and disinformation in political communication. Social Media + Society, 8(1), pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221082833
[112] Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., et al. (2024). Political communication in hybrid media systems. Political Communication, 41(2), pp. 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2023.2289562
[113] Vhalery, R., Haq, M. N., Setiyawan, M. I., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Implementation of Islamic Religious Education Based on Religious Moderation Through Digital Literacy in Preventing Radicalism Among Students in Indonesia: Study in Indonesia. The Nexus-Education and Society Research Journal, 1(1).
[114] Widodo, S., & Kristiyono, J. (2025). Navigating democracy: The role of digital media in Indonesia's political communication landscape. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 41(4), pp. 247–262. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2025-4104-14
[115] Widyatama, W., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PODCAST TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENYIMAK SISWA KELAS X SMK NEGERI 1 POGALAN. Pendas: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 11(01), 92-102.
[116] Yazar, F., Farhan, F. A., Faqih, A., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING GENDER IDENTITY AMONG GENERATION Z. H-Luminia: Education, Psychology and Social Behavior Research Journal, 1(01).
[117] Yazid, S., & Firmansyah, E. (2022). Analisis problematika dan solusi atas motivasi belajar peserta didik dalam pendidikan Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 339-344.
Additional Files
Published
Versions
- 2026-09-08 (2)
- 2026-06-23 (1)
