Innovation of Social Enterprise Business Models Based on the Management of Religious Social Funds for the Economic Independence of Local Communities
Keywords:
Social Enterprise, Business Model Innovation, Zakat, Waqf, Community Economic IndependenceAbstract
Religious social funds zakat, infaq, sadaqah, and waqf (ZISWAF) constitute one of the largest community-based capital pools in Muslim-majority societies, yet their potential to generate durable economic independence is often constrained by consumptive, short-term distribution patterns. This study examines how social enterprise principles can be embedded into ZISWAF governance to produce a more sustainable model of community economic empowerment. Using a qualitative descriptive, multiple-case document-analysis method of zakat and waqf institutions in Indonesia, the study develops an analytical framework adapting the Social Enterprise Business Model Canvas to the institutional logic of Islamic philanthropy. Findings show that business model innovation occurs across three interlocking layers: a hybrid value proposition pairing consumptive relief with productive financing instruments such as revolving business capital, micro-waqf banks, and Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk; a graduated mentoring and resource-mobilization mechanism shifting beneficiaries (mustahik) from dependency toward entrepreneurial self-reliance; and governance and digitalization mechanisms strengthening transparency, accountability, and donor (muzakki/wakif) trust. The study concludes that ZISWAF-based social enterprises' sustainability depends on balancing social and commercial logics without compromising the shariah objectives (maqashid syariah) legitimizing the funds. This paper contributes a context-specific business model innovation framework for religious philanthropic institutions transitioning from charity administration toward community economic enterprise.
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