Effectiveness of Material Compensation in Guaranteeing the Constitutional Rights of Citizens Affected by National Strategic Projects
Keywords:
Material Compensation, Constitutional Rights, National Strategic Projects, Land Acquisition, Life Sustainability GuaranteeAbstract
National Strategic Projects (NSP) in Indonesia accelerate economic growth but frequently cause displacement, livelihood loss, and cultural disintegration. This study examines the effectiveness of material compensation under Article 36 of Law No. 2/2012 in guaranteeing the constitutional rights of NSP affected citizens. Employing a normative conceptual approach through a systematic review of legal norms, literature, and cases, this study argues that asset replacement compensation is fundamentally insufficient to restore the full scope of community losses. Constitutionally, life extends beyond material ownership to encompass livelihoods, social relations, environments, and cultural identity. Constitutional guarantees under Articles 28A, 28H(1), and 28I(3) of the 1945 Constitution protect citizens' rights to sustain life, access adequate housing, and maintain cultural identity. Therefore, this study proposes a paradigm shift from asset replacement toward life sustainability guarantees (jaminan keberlanjutan kehidupan), ensuring affected communities continue living in a dignified, sustainable manner. Alignment with international standards, including the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework and UN Guidelines on Development Based Evictions, supports this reconceptualization.
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