Reconstructing the Reasoning of Guardianship Jurisprudence: A Bayānī, Burhānī, and 'Irfānī Epistemological Analysis of the Position of the Marriage Guardian
Keywords:
Islamic Epistemology, Marriage Guardian, Ikhtilaf among Schools, Islamic Family Law, Bayani, Burhani, and IrfaniAbstract
The debate over the position of the marriage guardian (wali nikah) in Islamic law persists between textual dogmatism and rationalism. The majority of madhhabs (Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali) view the guardian as an absolute pillar of marriage alongside the right of ijbar, whereas the Hanafi school grants independent authority to adult women. This study aims to reconstruct the legal arguments of these four schools and analyze the roots of their divergence using Islamic epistemology: bayani, burhani, and irfani. Employing library research with a doctrinal-philosophical approach, the study reveals that their primary divergence stems from interpretative methodology. Methodologically, the majority interprets textual evidence (bayani) literally and universally, while the Hanafi school applies a customary ('urf) lens and strict sanad criticism. Furthermore, Hanafi rational reasoning (burhani) analogizes marriage to financial transactions to protect women's legal sovereignty, contrasting with the majority's reliance on preventive protection (sadd al-dhari'ah). Spiritually (irfani), all schools aim to uphold female dignity, though rigid ijbar can undermine inner tranquility. Ultimately, this ikhtilaf arises from methodological pluralism, highlighting the need to reform Islamic family law by balancing family protection with female autonomy.
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